Fixed Index Annuity

What Is a Fixed Index Annuity?

A fixed index annuity is a financial product whose terms are defined by a contract between you and an insurance company. It features characteristics of both fixed annuities and variable annuities. Fixed index annuities are also referred to as indexed annuities, index annuities or equity-indexed annuities.

Indexed annuities offer a minimum guaranteed interest rate combined with a rate tied to a broad stock market index, such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

This unique hybrid design offers protection against stock market losses, as well as the potential to profit from the market’s gains.

If you are thinking about buying a fixed index annuity, make sure you understand how growth is credited to your account. You may have a minimum guaranteed return, but your upside will be capped as well.

Brandon Renfro, Ph.D., CFP®, RICP®, EACo-Owner of Belonging Wealth Management

As a Certified Financial Planner™ professional and Retired Income Certified Professional®, Brandon Renfro is well-versed in the financial information and strategies needed to meet retirement goals. In addition to co-owning Belonging Wealth Management and assisting clients, Brandon writes regularly for financial publications.

How Does a Fixed Index Annuity Work?

Fixed index annuities work by crediting interest based on the performance of an underlying index. The interest that fixed index annuities earn is usually credited at the end of the annuity’s term, which typically ranges from three to 15 years. 

You can customize your annuity contract by selecting the index on which to base your annuity’s interest. The most common index options include the S&P 500, the Nasdaq 100 and the Russell 2000.

Calculating Interest on a Fixed Index Annuity

Different providers calculate interest on a fixed index annuity in a variety of ways. According to the Institute of Business & Finance, there are three main methods of calculating indexed annuity interest.

Indexing Methods for Annuities

• Annual reset (ratchet)
• High-water mark
• Point-to-point

As the name suggests, in an annual reset, or ratchet, contract, interest is credited once per year. The interest is calculated by comparing the change in the index from the start of the year to the end of the year, but only in years when the index has a gain.

With both the high-water mark method and the point-to-point method, interest is credited at the end of the contract term. However, gains are determined differently with each method. 

In a high-water mark contract, gains are determined by subtracting the beginning index value from its highest anniversary date value over the entire term. In a point-to-point contract, gains are determined by subtracting the beginning index value from the ending index value.

Using Index Averaging in Interest Calculations

In addition to understanding indexing methods, it is also important to know how insurers use index averaging in interest calculations. According to the Institute of Business & Finance, over 75% of fixed index annuities include an averaging feature.

Averaging can be used in different ways depending on the structure of the contract. In a point-to-point contract, for example, the insurer might use the average of the last year of the contract to compare to the beginning contract value. 

Averaging generally means that indexed annuity customers will never receive interest based on the highest point of the index value, but also that they will never be credited interest based on the lowest point of the term.

Fixed Index Annuity Yields

Besides indexing methods, there are other contract provisions that go into calculating the interest on your fixed index annuity. According to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the computation may typically involve three factors.

Factors That Can Impact Index Rate

Participation Rate

This is the percentage of the gain in the stock index you will receive on your annuity. For example, if the participation rate is 80% and the index gains 10%, the annuity would be credited with 80% of the 10% gain, or 8%.

Spread/Margin/Asset Fee

Some fixed index annuities use this in place of or in addition to a participation rate. This is a percentage that is subtracted from any gain in the index. If the fee is 3% and the index gains 10%, then the annuity would gain 7%.

Interest Rate Caps

Some indexed annuities put an upper limit on your return. So if the index gained 10% and your cap was 7%, then your gain would be 7%.

Guaranteed Minimum Return

Fixed index annuities guarantee a minimum return that’s credited at the end of the contract’s surrender period. This means that when you buy an indexed annuity, you’re guaranteed to receive at least a certain amount of return on your investment.

The most common guaranteed minimum return for a fixed index annuity is 3% of 90% of the amount invested, according to the Institute of Business & Finance.

If your index performs consistently well, you have the potential to earn a higher return than traditional fixed annuities.

On the other hand, if the stock index underperforms, your payments will not fall below a preordained level.

The guaranteed minimum return helps make fixed index annuities a more reliable source of income. Many people use fixed index annuities to set up an income stream that allows them to maintain a comfortable lifestyle in retirement.

Fixed Index Annuities in 2024

The first quarter of 2024 saw an unprecedented growth in fixed index annuity popularity, as reported by the industry group LIMRA. Total sales of fixed index annuities totaled $28.6 billion in the year’s first quarter, an increase of 24% over the previous year. This marked a record quarter for fixed index annuities and the twelfth consecutive quarter of year-over-year growth. 

In the report, LIMRA’s head of research Bryan Hodgens suggested that the sustained elevated interest rates throughout 2023 and 2024 have allowed annuity providers to offer more attractive fixed index annuity features. 

LIMRA expects that fixed index annuities would become even more popular throughout this year and the next. The organization predicts that fixed index annuity sales could total as high as $100 billion in 2025.

What Are the Fees and Commissions Associated With Fixed Index Annuities?

Like any other type of annuity, fixed index annuities come with fees that must be paid on top of the initial premium. The more complex an annuity is, the more expensive the fees tend to be.

The most common fee associated with fixed index annuities is the administration fee or annual fee. This is a fixed percentage subtracted from any index increase before it’s credited to the account. The administration fee does not affect the minimum guaranteed rate of the contract.

Some indexed annuities also charge a spread fee, also known as a margin fee or asset fee, to control how much of the index’s returns are credited to the annuity. The spread fee is subtracted from the gains that the index earns. 

Because fixed index annuities are not as simple as fixed annuities or income annuities, they tend to have higher commissions. The commission on an indexed annuity can range from 6% to 8%, compared to the 1% to 3% commission you can expect for a fixed annuity. However, the commissions are typically baked into the cost of the annuity contract.

Who Should Get a Fixed Index Annuity?

Fixed index annuities are best suited for investors who don’t need the money right away. According to licensed financial advisor Chip Stapleton, fixed index annuities are most beneficial for investors with 10 to 15 years before they’ll need income because they’ll have time to weather any downturns that might reduce the annuity’s return.

Most fixed index annuities have some downside protection, said Stapleton, who is a FINRA Series 7 and Series 66 license holder and CFA Level II candidate.

“It might even be a floor of zero, so you’re never going to lose money,” Stapleton told Annuity.org. “But then your upside is also capped there too, so if you want to limit your bad, you also have to limit your good.”

Case Study: When a Fixed Index Annuity Is a Good Fit

The hypothetical case study below provides an example of how someone about to retire can benefit from the features of an indexed annuity. It is not intended as financial advice.

Client Profile: Hallie, 65, is nearing retirement and is looking for a way to generate guaranteed income to supplement her Social Security checks.

Background: She wants to add some flexibility to the conservative part of her portfolio. She considered purchasing bonds, but she’s worried a large bond investment won’t keep pace with inflation.

Conclusion: A fixed index annuity is a good fit for someone like Hallie because these annuities offer a low-risk way to generate predictable income. She’s guaranteed not to lose money, so it’s a lower-risk investment compared to a variable annuity that would expose her to downturns in the stock market.

Fixed Index Annuity Pros and Cons

Like any investment, fixed index annuities have their benefits and costs. Since they are essentially a hybrid of fixed and variable annuities, they carry a mixture of pros and cons. They have the potential for higher returns without the risk of losing your money. Because these annuities are complicated, they can be difficult to understand.

Frequently Asked Questions About Fixed Index Annuities